Set up Profile and Save it, Do Simulation.

At first, "Profile" should be set up.
There are data values of human body and abilities, wear, equipment details, course conditions and so on. Its data could be saved as a file with arbitrary name and could be exchanged, could be saved as another file name.
That's all preparing for the simulation.

As for the simulation, it's classifiable to simulations based mechanical dynamism and simulations based power and velocity, acceleration, deceleration, braking.

Simulations based mechanical dynamism, it calculates power and torque, force though, insistently it simulates basis dynamism as relations around cadence and power, torque, gear combinations under profile settings.

Simulations based power and torque, velocity, acceleration, deceleration, it calculates relations of power and velocity, relations of power, accel, velocity, time sequence. Also braking time sequence, downslope final velocity, critical cornering it has assorted menu.

In these simulations, multi target factors or multi reference factors could be selected. For a most simple example, it calculates power due to velocity and calculates velocity due to power as one menu simulation. As for acceleration and decelleration, there are maximum power and mean power, PFV(Power for Final Velocity), accel, time, distance as reference factors.

* About inclination, which was an item of profile settings though was all deleted in the profile settings and would be set in each simulation since ver.0.95.00.



At boot, the profile data would be read automatically. It has following nine sections with some items.


Case of first boot after installation, default data values would be read which is in a file named "default.pro". This file is located in a folder named "profile" under the installation folder.

Please exchange these profile values as user's own values, and save it as a file. It could be named and could be located by user's choice.

Those are manipulated by pulldown menu of "Profile".



In the Preference, there are following six sections with some items which is rarely to be exchanged normally in guessing.


In Physiology section usage of FTP and energy effiency could be set. In Process Interval section unit time could be set which is an interval of time sequence express of acceleration and deceleration. Specific Heat and Emittance are brake material's ones which could be set for carbon and alminum alloy, stainless. In Graph section it could be set whether popup express graph or not. In Initial Values section initial values of each simulation parameters could be selected to start always with default values or to reflect previous inputing values.

About these items if you don't know well it doesn't matter to use as default setting.

Those are manipulated by "Preference" pulldown menu of "Option".



There are following three menus.


Cadence Theory, it simulates dynamism relations of cadence and power, torque. Person could output his maximum power at specific cadence which is his/her own cadence. Also it relates his/her maximum cadence without load. It could be expressed relatively simple algebraic expression.

Pedaling Dynamism, it simulates cadence and power, torque. It's not so much simulation as simple dynamism calculation.

Gear Combination, it calculates relations of cadence and velocity, gear combinations. Toothes of chainring and sprokets could be selected toothes set in profile or figures freely.

Those are manipulated by pulldown menu of "Simulation".



There are following six menus.
Those have multi target factors or reference factors which could make diverse simulations.


Power and Velocity, it simulates cruising under constant velocity. It calculates velocity as result due to power, and calculates required power due to velocity. Also it calculates cadence, torque and force of some regions of equipment.

Acceleration, it simulates time sequence motion till final velocity from initial velocity due to reference factor selected as power or time, distance, accel. It expresses much factors by time sequence. In case of short power as example it will stop to simulate in the process. Also graph of time sequence could be expressed.

Deceleration, it's same scheme as acceleration. It doesn't matter positive or minor power in case selected as a reference factor. Case of minor power it simulates braking normally due to convert power to force. Also a graph of time sequence could be expressed.

Braking, it simulates braking based force. There are some patterns of braking, for example constant force till final velocity from initial velocity, critical braking, constant braking for constant velocity on downslope, intermittent braking to certain velocity for every certain distance on downslope. It expresses much factors by time sequence. Also graph of time sequence could be expressed.

Inclination and Velocity, it simulates final poised velocity due to inclination on downslope, and simulates inclination due to final poised velocity. With limitation of time or distance it simulates not poised velocity but ending velocity.

Critical Cornering, it calculates limit of radius of gyration due to velocity, and calculates limit of velocity due to radius of gyration.

Similations mentioned above are based on human body and abilities, wear, equipment, course conditions set in the profile.

Sets up following items.


Input human height and weight.

Selects a riding position. In case of selecting "torso angle" it would be alternative to input torso angle.
Other positions selected the value of torso angle will be changed automatically. Those are mean values as torso angle of each position selected.

Usual Cadence, it's maybe different aspect vary from person to person though, it's the cadence under constant velocity moving. As a case of roadrace it's the cadence under the peloton without diplomacy.

Cadence Powered Maximum, it's the cadence which could make the rider's maximum power. It's the cadence in case a person makes maximum velocity for one. As a case of roadrace it's the cadence under the goal sprint.

Cadence Shift Up, it's the adjacent cadence for shift-up.

Cadence Shift Down, it's the adjacent cadence for shift-down.




Sets up following items.


Selects wear and helmet. Those are concerned aerodynamics, especially wear.

Input bike weight. In case of checking "except wheel weight" it's the weight except front and rear wheels with tyres.

Shell Type, it's the shape of frame which could be selected normal or aero. In case of aero type aerodynamics ratio could be input. Aerodynamics effect of frame is not so large though.




Sets up following items.


Shifting Time Loss, it's the time taked for shifting at once. For an example, it's 0.35 seconds by Campagnolo Record, it's 0.45 seconds by Shimano Duraace, both as 2010 years models.
This time would make no power among the time shifting on simulations of acceleration and deceleration.
Manufactures have developed it to be seamless and it would become to some power for shifting in guessing, in which case it may be shorter time.

Inputs length of a crank.

Inputs number of chainring, and input toothes of each chainrings.

Inputs number of sprockets, and inputs toothes of each sprocket.

ver.0.95.00 above, raised count of gears, front 3 x rear 15 as maximum, front 1 x rear 1 as minimum (i.e. pisto).




Sets up following items both of front wheel and rear wheel.


Input size of wheel by inches.

Input weight of wheels except tyres and tubes.

Regist is the air resistance, and velocity is its condition which makes the resist.
Due to "predict", it could be presumed due to rim height and number of spokes, model year under 50 km/h.
This prediction is inductive statistics analysed dozens of existing wheels, and is the result model consisted with three significant factors. The reason of significant model year which is refrected evolution of aerodynamics in '00s.




Sets up following items both of front tyre and rear tyre.


Input the size of a tyre, which is width of a tyre. It's expressed by 'C' normally though which seems to be a bit different by manufactures.

Inputs the weight of a tyre added a tube.

Inputs the rolling coefficient.
It's distributed around 0.003 ~ 0.005 in high-end class. This value is not under dirt road but normal paved road in case of BPN 75. There is a tendency a slic tyre has a small coefficient.
Tyres for cyclocross and MTB specialized for dirt road have very large rolling coefficient though, there is few change between dirt and paved road

Inputs the friction coefficient.
It's distributed around 0.70 ~ 0.90 in high-end class. This value is not under dirt road but normal paved road in case of BPN 75. There is a tendency a slic tyre has a large coefficient.

The rolling coefficient and friction coefficient is related as trade-off normally. There are users who use high friction tyre for front and low rolling coefficient for rear tyre aren't there? As a matter of fact it depends on the brand.




Sets up following items both of front brake and rear brake.


Selects a rim brake or a disc brake at first.

Selects its material carbon or alminum alloy, stainless. Carbon or Alminum would be selected for a rim brake, alminum alloy ore stainless would be selected for a disc brake.
There is rarely a carbon disc brake, carbon composit coated seramics? which is unconsidered.

Inputs weight of a rim or a rotor.

Inputs height for a rim and diameter for a rotor.




Sets up power losses of following three equipment. Those are around 3 ~ 5 percentage as standard value under default conditions.


Shell loss, it's influenced due to bending of a frame, and please input loss percentage under crank torque 50.0Nm. Its ratio would be changed by the torque.
In case of a high rigidity frame it could be around 1.5 ~ 2.0%. That's not meaning lower fatigue but just a machanical loss.

Mission Loss, it's a loss of a driveline. It might be around 3.0% for high-end class, 5.0% for low-end class components.

Wheel Loss, it's influenced due to bending of a rear wheel, and please input loss percentage under crank torque 20.0Nm. Its ratio would be changed by the torque.
It would be differnt as wheel type. One of reference marks is the number of spokes of sprockets side.




Sets up following four course environments.


Inputs wind speed. plus numeral for head wind, minor numeral for tail wind.

Inputs air density. There are two ways to input altitude and temperature or input hectopascal.

Sets up condition of road surface.
BPN is a unit value named "British Pendulum Number" which evaluates friction of road surface.
Selects dry or damp, wet condition.




Sets up aerodynamics ratio under pleton or train.


There are two ways to input directly a ratio value or to get the ratio due to input number of pleton and following distance.

In case of alone, please input '1.0' as the ratio.

Selects to join the rotation or not in case of make the software to calculate the ratio. Case of entry rotation, it calculates mean of the ratio.

Sets up following two items.


It would calculate level and score as a training for some simulations due to use FTP. That's not practical training estimation though, it's put to work experimentally. It's just prepared to estimate GPS data for later version.

Energy effiency is prepared for later varsion too same as FTP. It calculates calorie required. The effiency is around 0.20 ~ 0.25 which has large differece between persons, and is better to be on mind just for reference.




Process Interval, it's an interval for express time sequence of acceleration and deceleration. It could be set up separately for acceleration and deceleration.


Selects automatic or input numeral.




Sets up specific heats of following brake materials.


Those are basic data for calculating temperature of brake. Carbon composit coted ceramics rarely in market is not supported.




Sets up emittances of following brake materials.


Those are basic data for calculating temperature of brake. Carbon composit coted ceramics rarely in market is not supported.




Sets up graph express.


Due to check "express graph" it expresses a graph of simulations with time sequence. It makes another window popup.

Due to "express frequency band" it express a graph of relation of two factors with frequency band without recourse to values set in simulations.




Selects initial values of each simulation parameters to start up always as default values or to reflect previous input values.


Due to select "always default values" initial values of each simulation parameters always start up as default values. Of course, the default values are able to be exchanged due to check "save as default" and push "Okay" that set input values to be default values.

Due to select "reflect previous input" initial values of each simulation parameters reflect previous input values. It might be convenient in case of repeat simulation with a small change.

Simulates dynamics relations of cadence and power, torque. Person could output his/her maximum power at specific cadence which is his/her own cadence. Also it relates his/her maximum cadence without load. It could be expressed relatively simple algebraic expression.

A target factor i.e. a calculation factor is cadence or power.
Reference factors are cadence or power which is not target, and maximum power and its cadence. Three factors values mentioned above should be input.

It calculates the target factor, torque and force of pedaling.
And, due to the gear set in profile, practical cadence and velocity, torque, force, required maximum power are calculated.


-- For users who unknown own maximum power and cadence.

If you know your fastest velocity and gears selected with equipment which are set in profile, you could calculate maximum power and its cadence.
At first, due to "Power and Velocity", calculate maximum power by the velocity.
Next, due to "Gear Combination", set the gear and calculate cadence by the velocity.




Simulates cadence and power, torque. It's not so much simulation as simple dynamism calculation.

A target factor i.e. a calculation factor is one of cadence and power, torque, and reference factors are other two factors of them.
In case of torque as a reference, torque or force could be selected.

Same as "Cadence Theory", it calculates torque and force of pedaling.

And, due to gears set in profile, practical cadence and velocity, torque, force, required maximum power are calculated.



Calculates relations of cadence and velocity, gear combinations. Gear toothes could be selected as gears toothes set in profile or numeral freely.

A target factor i.e. a calculation factor is cadence or velocity, gear toothes. Reference factors are others, except target factor, two factors of them.
Case of gear toothes be reference factor, it could be selected as numeral set in profile or certain numeral freely.

It calculates not only target factor but also gear ratio and others.

According to the gear combinations, it calculates practical power and torque, force, required maximum power.

It calculates velocity due to power, and calculates required power due to velocity.
Case of calculation velocity i.e. refered power, it could be selected a power base as pedaling or crank, sprocket, thrust. Thrust based means power based on ground plane of tyre.
Selects time or distance, it calculates energy calorie which depends on the enegy efficient set in profile.

There are some factors calculated except the target factor.

Power and torque, force would be calculated based on pedaling and crank, sprocket, thrust.

Closed cadence to the usual cadence by gear combinations, required maximum power would be calculated.

Air resistance and rolling resistance, gravity resistance would be calculated which are consisted to thrust power. As for air resistance, human body and shell resistance, wheel resistance would be calculated. Those are calculated and be expressed as power and force.



Acceleration, it simulates time sequence motion till ending velocity from initial velocity due to reference factor selected as power or time, distance, accel. It expresses much factors by time sequence. In case of short power as example it will stop to simulate in the process. Also a graph of time sequence could be expressed.

A reference factor selected is one of maximum power or mean power, PFV(Power of Final Velocity) as maximum power, PFV as mean power, sector time, distance, accel, accel as gravity, constant power.
Constant power refered is not realistic which is adopted in passing.

Initial kick time would be enabled for zero velocity starting only. Usually in case of zero velocity starting, it's difficult to bring large power by low cadence pedaling. And some momentum would be made by boot out kicking or waving upper body backward and forward, which manage to raise cadence even if only slightly. It simulates to smooth power curve in low cadence in the initial kick time.

Gears at starting could be selected to be optimized automatically or to assign arbitrary.


There are some factors calculated and expressed.

Mean Power and maximum power, mean torque, mean force would be calculated on based as pedaling and crank, sprocket, thrust respectively.

Required maximum power and sector time, mean accel, maximum accel, distance would be calculated.

Energy calories would be calculated.

In time sequence, time and velocity, power, torque, force, accel, distance, gears, gear ratio, cadence would be calculated and be expressed. Power and torque, force are based on pedaling.
It simulates shift-up at the time of cadence reached to "cadence shift-up" set in the profile, simulates no power during "shifting time loss" set in the profile.



Same scheme as the acceleration. It simulates till ending velocity from starting velocity due to the reference factor selected. It doesn't matter positive or minor power in case selected as a reference factor. Case of minor power it simulates braking normally due to convert power to force. Also graph of time sequence could be expressed.

A reference factor could be selected is one of maximum power and mean power, PFV(Power of Final Velocity) as maximum power, sector time, distance, accel, gravity accel, constant power.
Constant power is not so realistic.

Gears at starting could be selected to be optimized automatically or to assign arbitrary. As a matter that is ignored case of zero power and under.

Braking due to minor power would be simulated due to convert power to constant force.


There are some factors calculated and expressed.

Mean power and maximum power, mean torque, mean force would be calculated based on pedaling and crank, sprocket, thrust respectively.

Sector time and mean accel, maximum accel, distance would be calculated.

In time sequence, time and velocity, power, torque, force, accel, distance, gears, gear ratio, cadence would be calculated and be expressed. Power and torque, force are based on pedaling.
Case of plus power, it simulates shift-down at the time of cadence reached to "cadence shift-down" set in the profile, simulates no power during "shifting time loss" set in the profile.



Simulates braking as four pattern based force. Braking due to constant force till ending velocity from initial velocity, critical braking, constant braking for constant velocity on downslope, intermittent braking to certain velocity for every certain distance on downslope. It expresses much factors by time sequence. Also a graph of time sequence could be expressed.
Factors should be set are different for four patterns.
As forconstant force, it simulates till ending velocity from starting velocity. Please set minor value for the force.
Critical braking simulates full braking. Factors should be set are initial velocity and ending velocity only.
Braking for constant velocity, it simulates crusing with constant velocity by braking. It calculates heating of brake in time sequence due to set total distance.
Intermittent braking, it simulates full braking to the velocity set for every interval distance. It calculates heating of brake in time sequence due to set total distance.


Constant force braking and critical braking calculate and express as follows:

As the thrust which is powered on ground plane of tyre, mean braking power and maximum braking power, mean torque, mean force would be calculated and be expressed.

Sector time and mean accel, maximum accel, distance would be calculated and be expressed.

Energies comsumed by air resitance and rolling resistance, potential energy, kinetic nergies both of initial velocity and ending velocity would be calculated and be expressed.

Temperatures and heat values, radiation heats, residual heats both of front and rear brakes would be calculated and be expressed.

In time sequence, time and velocity, power, torque, force, accel, distance would be calculated and be expressed. Power and torque, force are based on thrust.


Braking for constant velocity calculates and expresses as follows:

At first, it calculates braking force, and calculates sector time for total distance.

Energies comsumed by air resitance and rolling resistance, potential energy, kinetic nergies both of initial velocity and ending velocity would be calculated and be expressed.

Temperatures and heat values, radiation heats, residual heats both of front and rear brakes would be calculated and be expressed.

Case of braking for constant velocity, time sequence is not calculated.



A right picture is a dialog box for intermittent braking.


A right picture is a graph of the intermittent braking. Transverse is time, ordinates are velocity and distance. It calculates as follows:

At first, it calculates braking force, and calculates sector time for total distance.

Energies comsumed by air resitance and rolling resistance, potential energy, kinetic nergies both of initial velocity and ending velocity would be calculated and be expressed.

Temperatures and heat values, radiation heats, residual heats both of front and rear brakes would be calculated and be expressed.

In time sequence, points of starting to brake and ending to brake, time and distance, velocity, temperatures, heat values, radiation heats, residual heats both of front and rear brakes.


A right picture is a graph of the intermittent braking. Transverse is time, ordinates are temperatures of front and rear brakes.
It poised after two hundred and dozen seconds elapsed.



Simulates final poised velocity due to inclination on downslope, and simulates inclination due to final poised velocity.
With limitation of time or distance it simulates not poised velocity but ending velocity.

Case of no limitation, it calculates final poised velocity.
As the condition reached final poised velocity, it calculates air resistance and rolling resistance, gravity resistance. And as the air resistance, shell air resistance and human body air resistance, wheel air resistance would be calculated respectively.
It doesn't express in time sequence but it's confirmed by the graph.

Case of limitation of distance or time, ending velocity and time, distance would be calculated.
And, in time sequence, time and velocity, accel, distance would be calculated and be expressed.


A right picture is a graph of final poised velocity in time sequence without limitation.
Transverse is time, ordinates are velocity and distance.



Calculates limit of radius of gyration due to velocity, and calculates limit of velocity due to radius of gyration.

Friction margin could be set as its ratio.

Power and torque, force would be calculated based on pedaling and crank, sprocket, thrust. And cadence and gears, required maximum power would be calculated.

This simulation is not so exactly. Please consider as rough standard.
By the way balance of front and rear is counted as ideal condition, and hysteresis grip is excluded.